Semantic features of the lexical-semantic group "Birds" in the Russian language (in comparison with the Czech language)

Abstract

The article deals with the semantic features of the lexical-semantic groups «Птицы» and «Ptáci» in the Russian and Czech languages. In Russian, the described LSG includes 188 lexemes, and in Czech - 181 lexemes. Using the method of component analysis, the semes included in the lexical meanings of ornithonyms in both languages were identified. The integral seme in the Russian language is the seme ‘bird’, which can be represented in a «direct» and «latent» type. In Czech, the archiseme is the seme ‘pták’ (bird), which is represented in a «direct» type in all meanings of ornithonyms. Differential semes, which allow us to give a full-fledged characterization of the denotation, were distributed to classification (parametric) criteria. In Russian, 20 classification criteria are identified: affinity of origin, presence of an additional title, range, habitat, body parts of birds, abilities, way of eating, color characteristics, voice characteristics, size, similarity with other representatives of the species, affinity to other representatives of the species, lifestyle, method of flight, scope of use, nesting place, temporal characteristics, domestication, the reality of existence, the way of representation in art. In Czech, 21 classification criteria are distinguished: рřirozené prostředí, blízkost s ostatními zástupci druhu, barevné charakteristiky, podobnost s ostatními zástupci druhu, blízkost původu, části těla ptáků, areál, způsobilost, způsob hnízdění, životní styl, charakteristika hlasu, způsob stravování, rozsah použití, velikost, původ, temporální charakteristika, způsob letu, přítomnost dalšího jména.